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翻訳と辞書　辞書検索 [ 開発暫定版 ] スポンサード リンク Composite fermions ： ウィキペディア英語版 Composite fermion A composite fermion is the bound state of an electron and an even number of quantized vortices, sometimes visually pictured as the bound state of an electron and, attached, an even number of magnetic flux quanta. Composite fermions were originally envisioned in the context of the fractional quantum Hall effect, but subsequently took on a life of their own, exhibiting many other consequences and phenomena. Vortices are an example of topological defect, and also occur in other situations. Quantized vortices are found in type II superconductors, called Abrikosov vortices. Classical vortices are relevant to the Berezenskii–Kosterlitz–Thouless transition in two-dimensional XY model. == Description == When electrons are confined to two dimensions, cooled to very low temperatures, and subjected to a strong magnetic field, their kinetic energy is quenched due to Landau level quantization. Their behavior under such conditions is governed by the Coulomb repulsion alone, and they produce a strongly correlated quantum liquid. Experiments have shown〔〔〔 that electrons minimize their interaction by capturing quantized vortices to become composite fermions. The interaction between composite fermions themselves is often negligible to a good approximation, which makes them the physical quasiparticles of this quantum liquid. The signature quality of composite fermions, which is responsible for the otherwise unexpected behavior of this system, is that they experience a much smaller magnetic field than electrons. The magnetic field seen by composite fermions is given by :$B^$ *=B-2p \rho \phi_0, where $B$ is the external magnetic field, $2p$ is the number of vortices bound to composite fermion (also called the vorticity or the vortex charge of the composite fermion), $\backslash rho$ is the particle density in two dimensions, and $\backslash phi\_0=hc/e$ is called the “flux quantum” (which differs from the superconducting flux quantum by a factor of two). The effective magnetic field is a direct manifestation of the existence of composite fermions, and also embodies a fundamental distinction between electrons and composite fermions. Sometimes it is said that electrons "swallow" $2p$ flux quanta each to transform into composite fermions, and the composite fermions then experience the residual magnetic field $B^$ *. More accurately, the vortices bound to electrons produce their own geometric phases which partly cancel the Aharonov–Bohm phase due to the external magnetic field to generate a net geometric phase that can be modeled as an Aharonov–Bohm phase in an effective magnetic field $B^$ *. The behavior of composite fermions is similar to that of electrons in an effective magnetic field $B^$ *. Electrons form Landau levels in a magnetic field, and the number of filled Landau levels is called the filling factor, given by the expression $\backslash nu=\backslash rho\; \backslash phi\_0/B.$ Composite fermions form Landau-like levels in the effective magnetic field $B^$ *, which are called composite fermion Landau levels or $\backslash Lambda$ levels. One defines the filling factor for composite fermions as $\backslash nu=\backslash rho\; \backslash phi\_0/|B^$ *|. This gives the following relation between the electron and composite fermion filling factors :$\backslash nu=\backslash frac.$ The minus sign occurs when the effective magnetic field is antiparallel to the applied magnetic field, which happens when the geometric phase from the vortices overcompensate the Aharonov–Bohm phase. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Composite fermion」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク 翻訳と辞書 : 翻訳のためのインターネットリソース Copyright(C) kotoba.ne.jp 1997-2016. All Rights Reserved.